CVE-2025-58736 is a use-after-free vulnerability classified under CWE-416, found in Inbox COM Objects of Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809 (build 10.0.17763.0). This vulnerability arises when the system improperly manages memory, freeing an object while it is still in use, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code locally. The flaw does not require privileges but does require user interaction, increasing attack complexity. Successful exploitation could lead to complete compromise of the affected system, impacting confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The CVSS v3.1 score is 7.0, reflecting a high severity with attack vector local (AV:L), attack complexity high (AC:H), no privileges required (PR:N), and user interaction required (UI:R). The scope remains unchanged (S:U), but the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability is high (C:H/I:H/A:H). No patches or exploit code are currently available, but the vulnerability is publicly disclosed and should be addressed promptly. This vulnerability is particularly relevant for environments still running Windows 10 Version 1809, which is an older release with extended support but increasingly phased out in favor of newer versions. The vulnerability could be leveraged by malicious insiders or attackers who gain local access, potentially leading to privilege escalation or system takeover.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a significant risk especially in sectors where legacy Windows 10 Version 1809 systems remain operational, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and government agencies with long upgrade cycles. Exploitation could allow attackers to execute arbitrary code locally, potentially leading to full system compromise, data breaches, or disruption of critical services. The requirement for local access and user interaction limits remote exploitation but does not eliminate risk from insider threats or attackers who gain physical or remote desktop access. Confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive data and systems could be severely impacted, leading to operational downtime, regulatory non-compliance, and reputational damage. Organizations relying on legacy systems for critical infrastructure or industrial control systems may face heightened risks due to difficulty in patching or upgrading these environments quickly.

1. Prioritize upgrading affected systems from Windows 10 Version 1809 to a supported and patched Windows version to eliminate the vulnerability. 2. Restrict local access to systems running the vulnerable OS version by enforcing strict access controls and monitoring. 3. Disable or restrict use of Inbox COM Objects where feasible to reduce attack surface. 4. Implement application whitelisting and endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions to detect and prevent exploitation attempts. 5. Educate users about the risks of interacting with untrusted content or executing unknown code to reduce chances of user interaction exploitation. 6. Monitor system logs and security alerts for suspicious local activity indicative of exploitation attempts. 7. Develop incident response plans specifically addressing local privilege escalation scenarios. 8. Coordinate with Microsoft and security vendors for updates or patches as they become available and apply them promptly.