CVE-2025-64121 is an authentication bypass vulnerability categorized under CWE-288, affecting Nuvation Energy's Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) software versions from 2.3.8 before 2.5.1. The vulnerability arises because the MSC allows authentication to be circumvented via an alternate path or communication channel, effectively permitting an attacker to gain unauthorized access to the system without providing valid credentials. The MSC is a critical component used for managing energy stacks, likely involved in controlling power systems or battery management in industrial or energy infrastructure environments. The vulnerability's CVSS 4.0 score is 10.0, reflecting a network-based attack vector (AV:N), no required privileges (PR:N), no user interaction (UI:N), and high impacts on confidentiality (C:H), integrity (I:H), and availability (A:H). This means an attacker can remotely exploit the flaw without authentication or user action, potentially leading to full system compromise, unauthorized control commands, data manipulation, or denial of service. The vulnerability was reserved in late 2025 and published in early 2026, with no public exploits known yet. The absence of patches at the time of reporting increases the urgency for organizations to implement compensating controls. Given the MSC's role in energy management, exploitation could disrupt critical infrastructure operations, cause safety hazards, or lead to significant operational downtime. The vulnerability affects a specialized industrial product, indicating that attackers targeting energy sector infrastructure could leverage this flaw for strategic disruption or espionage.

For European organizations, especially those operating in the energy sector or managing critical infrastructure, this vulnerability poses a severe risk. Unauthorized access to the Multi-Stack Controller could allow attackers to manipulate energy systems, causing operational disruptions, safety incidents, or cascading failures in power distribution. Confidentiality breaches could expose sensitive operational data or system configurations, while integrity violations might enable malicious commands that alter system behavior. Availability impacts could result in denial of service, affecting energy supply continuity. Given Europe's strong emphasis on energy security and the integration of renewable energy systems, exploitation could undermine national energy resilience and economic stability. Organizations relying on Nuvation Energy MSC for battery management or power control in industrial settings are particularly vulnerable. The lack of required authentication and user interaction lowers the barrier for attackers, increasing the likelihood of exploitation if the vulnerability is not addressed promptly.

1. Immediate network segmentation: Isolate MSC devices from general enterprise networks and restrict access to trusted management networks only. 2. Implement strict firewall rules and access control lists (ACLs) to limit inbound connections to MSC devices, allowing only authorized IP addresses and protocols. 3. Deploy intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS) with signatures or anomaly detection tuned to identify unusual access patterns or attempts to use alternate channels. 4. Monitor logs and network traffic for unauthorized access attempts or unusual communication paths to the MSC. 5. Engage with Nuvation Energy for official patches or firmware updates as soon as they become available; prioritize testing and deployment of these updates. 6. If patching is delayed, consider temporary compensating controls such as disabling unused communication interfaces or services on the MSC that could serve as alternate paths. 7. Conduct thorough security audits and penetration tests focusing on authentication mechanisms and network access controls around MSC deployments. 8. Train operational technology (OT) and security teams on this vulnerability to ensure rapid detection and response. 9. Maintain an incident response plan tailored to potential MSC compromise scenarios to minimize impact and recovery time.