CVE-2025-64124 identifies an OS Command Injection vulnerability (CWE-78) in the Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) firmware versions prior to 2.5.1. The flaw stems from improper neutralization of special characters in inputs that are incorporated into operating system commands, enabling attackers to inject and execute arbitrary commands on the underlying OS. The vulnerability requires no user interaction and can be exploited remotely over the network by an attacker with low privileges, increasing its risk profile. The CVSS 4.0 vector (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/S:P) indicates network attack vector, low attack complexity, no authentication needed beyond low privileges, and high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This means an attacker could potentially gain control over the MSC device, manipulate energy management operations, exfiltrate sensitive data, or disrupt services. The MSC is a critical component in energy infrastructure, managing multiple energy stacks, often in renewable energy environments. While no public exploits have been reported yet, the vulnerability's nature and impact make it a significant threat. The lack of available patches at the time of reporting necessitates immediate risk mitigation through compensating controls. The vulnerability was reserved in late 2025 and published in early 2026, indicating recent discovery and disclosure. Given the strategic importance of energy infrastructure, exploitation could have cascading effects on grid stability and operational continuity.

For European organizations, especially those involved in energy production, distribution, and management, this vulnerability poses a substantial risk. The MSC devices are integral to controlling multiple energy stacks, including renewable energy sources, which are heavily deployed across Europe. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized command execution, resulting in data breaches, manipulation of energy outputs, or denial of service conditions. This could disrupt energy supply chains, cause financial losses, and potentially impact critical infrastructure resilience. The confidentiality impact includes exposure of sensitive operational data; integrity impact involves unauthorized changes to control commands; availability impact could manifest as service outages or degraded performance. Given Europe's push towards smart grids and renewable energy integration, compromised MSC devices could undermine these initiatives and erode trust in energy providers. Additionally, regulatory frameworks like NIS2 may impose stringent reporting and remediation requirements, increasing compliance risks.

Immediate mitigation should focus on network-level protections such as isolating MSC devices within dedicated VLANs and restricting access to trusted management hosts only. Implement strict firewall rules to limit inbound connections to the MSC and monitor for unusual command execution patterns using host-based intrusion detection systems (HIDS). Employ anomaly detection on network traffic to identify potential exploitation attempts. Since no patches are currently available, organizations should engage with Nuvation Energy for timelines on firmware updates and apply them promptly upon release. Conduct thorough vulnerability scanning and penetration testing targeting MSC devices to identify exposure. Enforce the principle of least privilege for all accounts interacting with MSC devices to minimize attack surface. Additionally, maintain comprehensive logging and alerting to detect suspicious activities early. For long-term security, consider deploying application-layer firewalls or command filtering proxies that sanitize inputs to MSC devices. Finally, integrate MSC security posture into broader industrial control system (ICS) security frameworks and incident response plans.