CVE-2025-68114 is a buffer underwrite (buffer underflow) vulnerability identified in the capstone disassembly framework, specifically affecting versions 6.0.0-Alpha5 and earlier. The vulnerability stems from improper handling of the return value of the vsnprintf function within the SStream_concat function. The cs_opt_mem.vsnprintf pointer can be manipulated by an attacker to cause the internal index of the SStream buffer to become negative or exceed the buffer's allocated size. When the next write operation occurs, this results in a stack buffer underflow or overflow, which can corrupt adjacent memory on the stack. Such memory corruption can lead to undefined behavior, including potential code execution, crashes, or data leakage. However, exploitation requires local access with limited privileges and user interaction, as the attacker must influence the vsnprintf call parameters. The vulnerability is classified under CWE-124 (Buffer Underwrite) and CWE-120 (Buffer Overflow). The CVSS v3.1 base score is 4.8, reflecting medium severity with attack vector local, low attack complexity, low privileges required, and user interaction needed. The scope remains unchanged, and the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability is low. No public exploits have been reported. The issue was resolved in a commit identified by hash 2c7797182a1618be12017d7d41e0b6581d5d529e, which properly checks the vsnprintf return value and prevents index underflow or overflow.

For European organizations, the impact of CVE-2025-68114 is primarily relevant to entities that utilize the capstone disassembly framework in their software development, reverse engineering, malware analysis, or cybersecurity research workflows. Successful exploitation could lead to memory corruption, potentially causing application crashes or limited code execution within the context of the vulnerable process. This could undermine the integrity and availability of tools relying on capstone, disrupting security operations or analysis pipelines. However, the requirement for local access and user interaction limits the risk of remote exploitation or widespread automated attacks. Organizations handling sensitive reverse engineering tasks or malware investigations should be cautious, as exploitation could allow attackers to manipulate analysis results or disrupt forensic processes. The vulnerability does not directly threaten large-scale infrastructure but could be leveraged in targeted attacks against security teams or developers using vulnerable versions. Given the medium severity and absence of known exploits, the immediate risk is moderate but warrants timely patching to prevent potential escalation.

European organizations should take the following specific mitigation steps: 1) Identify all instances of the capstone framework in use, particularly versions 6.0.0-Alpha5 and earlier, across development, analysis, and security environments. 2) Upgrade to the latest stable version of capstone that includes the fix (post-commit 2c7797182a1618be12017d7d41e0b6581d5d529e). 3) If upgrading immediately is not feasible, implement strict access controls to limit local user privileges on systems running vulnerable versions, reducing the likelihood of exploitation. 4) Monitor logs and application behavior for anomalies indicative of memory corruption or crashes related to capstone usage. 5) Educate users and developers about the risk of local exploitation requiring user interaction, emphasizing cautious handling of untrusted inputs in disassembly or analysis workflows. 6) Incorporate static and dynamic analysis tools to detect improper memory handling in custom integrations with capstone. 7) Maintain an inventory of software dependencies to facilitate rapid response to similar vulnerabilities in the future. These measures go beyond generic patching advice by focusing on access control, monitoring, and user awareness tailored to the specific nature of this vulnerability.