CVE-2025-9149VulnerabilityPublished 19 Aug 2025

CVE-2025-9149: Wavlink WL-NU516U1 · Command Injection

Affects Wavlink WL-NU516U1Source CVE Database V5

Not known to be exploited · CVSS 5.3 Medium.

Data as of 26 Oct 2026, 08:30 UTC

CVSS 4.0 base score

5.3Medium

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 5.1% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 92% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

Base metrics

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Attack Requirements: None
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Vulnerable system confidentiality: Low
Vulnerable system integrity: Low
Vulnerable system availability: Low
Subsequent system confidentiality: None
Subsequent system integrity: None
Subsequent system availability: None

Threat metrics

Exploit Maturity: POC

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable system is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed below, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed “remotely exploitable” and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: The attacker must take no measurable action to exploit the vulnerability. The attack requires no target-specific circumvention to exploit the vulnerability. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable system.
Attack Requirements: None: The successful attack does not depend on the deployment and execution conditions of the vulnerable system. The attacker can expect to be able to reach the vulnerability and execute the exploit under all or most instances of the vulnerability.
Privileges Required: Low: The attacker requires privileges that provide basic capabilities that are typically limited to settings and resources owned by a single low-privileged user. Alternatively, an attacker with Low privileges has the ability to access only non-sensitive resources.
User Interaction: None: The vulnerable system can be exploited without interaction from any human user, other than the attacker.
Vulnerable system confidentiality: Low: There is some loss of confidentiality. Access to some restricted information is obtained, but the attacker does not have control over what information is obtained, or the amount or kind of loss is limited. The information disclosure does not cause a direct, serious loss to the Vulnerable System.
Vulnerable system integrity: Low: Modification of data is possible, but the attacker does not have control over the consequence of a modification, or the amount of modification is limited. The data modification does not have a direct, serious impact to the Vulnerable System.
Vulnerable system availability: Low: Performance is reduced or there are interruptions in resource availability. Even if repeated exploitation of the vulnerability is possible, the attacker does not have the ability to completely deny service to legitimate users. The resources in the Vulnerable System are either partially available all of the time, or fully available only some of the time, but overall there is no direct, serious consequence to the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system confidentiality: None: There is no loss of confidentiality within the Subsequent System or all confidentiality impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system integrity: None: There is no loss of integrity within the Subsequent System or all integrity impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the Subsequent System or all availability impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Exploit Maturity: POC: Based on threat intelligence sources each of the following must apply: · Proof-of-concept is publicly available · No knowledge of reported attempts to exploit this vulnerability · No knowledge of publicly available solutions used to simplify attempts to exploit the vulnerability

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v4.0 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 19 Aug 2025
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponised: no evidence on record.
No public exploit code indexed in Metasploit or Exploit-DB
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 26 Oct 2026.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponised: Public exploit code exists in Metasploit or Exploit-DB, or CISA SSVC reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

AI-suggested

1. Immediate mitigation should include isolating affected Wavlink WL-NU516U1 devices from critical network segments and limiting their exposure to untrusted networks until a patch is available. 2. Network administrators should implement strict firewall rules to restrict access to the router’s management interfaces, especially blocking access to /cgi-bin/wireless.cgi from untrusted sources. 3. Monitor network traffic for unusual or suspicious requests targeting the Guest_ssid parameter or the wireless.cgi endpoint. 4. Employ network intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) with signatures or heuristics to detect command injection attempts against this router model. 5. Encourage users and administrators to upgrade firmware as soon as an official patch is released by Wavlink. 6. As a temporary workaround, if possible, disable the guest wireless network feature or the vulnerable CGI endpoint to eliminate the attack vector. 7. Conduct regular audits of network devices to identify and inventory all Wavlink WL-NU516U1 routers to ensure no devices remain unpatched or exposed. 8. Educate IT staff about this vulnerability to recognize exploitation signs and respond promptly.

Description

A vulnerability was determined in Wavlink WL-NU516U1 M16U1_V240425. This impacts the function sub_4032E4 of the file /cgi-bin/wireless.cgi. This manipulation of the argument Guest_ssid causes command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized.

Impact

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a moderate risk primarily to those using the Wavlink WL-NU516U1 router model with the affected firmware. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized command execution on the router, potentially allowing attackers to alter network configurations, intercept or redirect traffic, or pivot into internal networks. This could compromise confidentiality and integrity of data traversing the network and impact availability if the device is destabilized or taken offline. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and home office setups, which often rely on consumer-grade routers like Wavlink, are particularly vulnerable. Critical infrastructure organizations and enterprises using these devices in less secure network segments may face increased risk of lateral movement by attackers. The medium severity rating suggests that while the impact is not catastrophic, it is significant enough to warrant prompt attention to prevent escalation or chaining with other vulnerabilities. The absence of authentication requirements and user interaction means attackers can exploit this remotely and autonomously, increasing the threat surface. European organizations with remote or distributed workforces using these devices are at heightened risk due to exposure over public or semi-public networks.

References

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 19 Aug 2025, 18:03 UTC

Technical details

References

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