CVE-2025-10408 is a medium severity SQL Injection vulnerability identified in SourceCodester Student Grading System version 1.0. The flaw exists in the /edit_user.php file, where manipulation of the 'ID' parameter allows an attacker to inject malicious SQL code. This vulnerability can be exploited remotely without requiring user interaction or authentication, as indicated by the CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/UI:N/PR:L). The injection flaw could allow an attacker to read, modify, or delete data within the underlying database, potentially compromising the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive student and user information. The vulnerability has a CVSS 4.0 base score of 5.3, reflecting a moderate risk due to limited privileges required (PR:L) and low impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability (VC:L, VI:L, VA:L). Although no public exploits are currently known in the wild, the exploit code has been released publicly, increasing the risk of exploitation. The lack of patches or vendor-provided mitigations further elevates the threat. The vulnerability stems from insufficient input validation and improper sanitization of the 'ID' parameter in the PHP script, a common issue in web applications that interact with databases. Attackers leveraging this flaw could potentially escalate privileges, access unauthorized data, or disrupt application functionality, impacting the reliability of the grading system.

For European organizations, especially educational institutions using the SourceCodester Student Grading System 1.0, this vulnerability poses a significant risk to the confidentiality and integrity of student records and personal data. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information, manipulation of grades, or disruption of academic processes. Given the GDPR regulations in Europe, a data breach resulting from this vulnerability could lead to substantial legal and financial penalties. The remote exploitability without user interaction means attackers can automate attacks, increasing the likelihood of compromise. Additionally, the integrity of academic records is critical for institutional reputation and trust; any tampering could have long-term consequences for students and institutions alike. The vulnerability could also be leveraged as a foothold for further attacks within the network if the grading system is integrated with other institutional systems.

1. Immediate code review and sanitization: Developers should implement prepared statements with parameterized queries in the /edit_user.php file to prevent SQL injection. 2. Input validation: Enforce strict validation and sanitization of all user-supplied inputs, especially the 'ID' parameter, to ensure only expected data types and formats are accepted. 3. Principle of least privilege: Ensure the database user account used by the application has minimal privileges, limiting the potential damage from a successful injection attack. 4. Web Application Firewall (WAF): Deploy a WAF with rules to detect and block SQL injection attempts targeting the grading system. 5. Monitoring and logging: Enable detailed logging of database queries and application access to detect suspicious activities early. 6. Patch management: Engage with the vendor or community to obtain or develop patches addressing this vulnerability and apply them promptly. 7. Network segmentation: Isolate the grading system from critical infrastructure to limit lateral movement in case of compromise. 8. Regular security assessments: Conduct periodic penetration testing and code audits to identify and remediate similar vulnerabilities proactively.