CVE-2025-3125 is a vulnerability classified under CWE-434 (Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type) affecting multiple versions of WSO2 Identity Server (5.10.0 to 7.1.0). The root cause is insufficient input validation in the CarbonAppUploader admin service endpoint, which is responsible for uploading Carbon applications and related files. An authenticated attacker with administrative privileges can exploit this flaw to upload arbitrary files, including malicious payloads, to locations controlled by the user on the server. This capability can be leveraged to execute remote code, thereby compromising the server's confidentiality and integrity. The vulnerability does not require user interaction but does require high privileges (admin access), which limits the attack vector primarily to insiders or attackers who have already compromised admin credentials. The CVSS v3.1 score of 6.7 reflects a network attack vector with low attack complexity but requiring high privileges and no user interaction. The impact includes potential full system compromise through remote code execution, though availability impact is limited. No public exploit code or active exploitation has been reported to date. The vulnerability affects widely used versions of WSO2 Identity Server, a popular open-source identity and access management solution deployed in enterprise environments globally.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a significant risk especially for those relying on WSO2 Identity Server for critical identity and access management functions. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized remote code execution, enabling attackers to access sensitive data, manipulate authentication processes, or pivot within the network. This could result in data breaches, disruption of identity services, and potential compliance violations under GDPR due to unauthorized data access. The requirement for administrative credentials reduces the likelihood of external exploitation but increases the threat from insider attacks or credential theft. Organizations in sectors such as finance, healthcare, government, and telecommunications, which often deploy WSO2 Identity Server for secure authentication, are particularly vulnerable. The medium severity rating suggests that while the vulnerability is serious, it is not trivially exploitable without privileged access, but the impact on confidentiality and integrity is high.

1. Immediately restrict administrative access to the CarbonAppUploader service endpoint to only trusted personnel and systems. 2. Implement strong multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all administrative accounts to reduce risk of credential compromise. 3. Monitor and audit all file upload activities and administrative actions within WSO2 Identity Server for suspicious behavior. 4. Apply principle of least privilege by limiting admin privileges to only those necessary for operational tasks. 5. Deploy network segmentation and firewall rules to isolate management interfaces from general network access. 6. Regularly update and patch WSO2 Identity Server to the latest versions once vendor patches become available. 7. Conduct internal penetration testing and vulnerability assessments focusing on admin interfaces and file upload functionalities. 8. Employ runtime application self-protection (RASP) or web application firewalls (WAF) with custom rules to detect and block malicious file uploads. 9. Educate administrators on phishing and credential security to prevent social engineering attacks that could lead to privilege escalation. 10. Maintain offline backups and incident response plans to quickly recover from potential compromises.