CVE-2025-41110 identifies a critical improper authentication vulnerability (CWE-287) in the Ghost Robotics Vision 60 robot, specifically version 0.27.2. The vulnerability arises because encrypted WiFi and SSH credentials are embedded within the robot's APK, which an attacker can extract and use to connect to the robot's WiFi network. The robot operates on ROS 2, which by default lacks authentication mechanisms, allowing attackers to access all robot data once connected. Furthermore, SSH access is available without proper authentication controls, enabling attackers to gain full control over the robot. This level of access permits attackers not only to exfiltrate sensitive data but also to manipulate the robot’s operations, potentially causing physical damage to the robot or its surroundings. The vulnerability has a CVSS 4.0 base score of 7.0, reflecting high severity due to low attack complexity, no required privileges or user interaction, and high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Although no exploits are currently reported in the wild, the presence of embedded credentials and lack of authentication represent a significant security risk. The vulnerability affects only version 0.27.2 of the Vision 60 product, and no patches have been published yet. The vulnerability was reserved in April 2025 and published in October 2025 by INCIBE, indicating recent discovery and disclosure.

For European organizations deploying the Ghost Robotics Vision 60, this vulnerability poses serious risks. Unauthorized access to the robot’s WiFi and SSH interfaces can lead to data breaches, exposing sensitive operational or research data. More critically, attackers gaining control of the robot can cause physical harm to the robot itself or its environment, which is particularly concerning in industrial, security, or research settings where these robots may operate near humans or critical infrastructure. Disruption or manipulation of robotic operations could result in operational downtime, safety incidents, or damage to property. The lack of authentication on ROS 2 exacerbates the risk by allowing attackers to move laterally within the robot’s control systems. Given the increasing adoption of robotics in European manufacturing, logistics, and research institutions, the impact could extend to economic losses and reputational damage. The absence of known exploits currently limits immediate widespread impact, but the vulnerability’s characteristics make it a prime target for attackers once exploit code becomes available.

To mitigate CVE-2025-41110, organizations should first ensure that no embedded WiFi or SSH credentials exist in the deployed APKs or firmware images. Ghost Robotics should be engaged to provide updated versions or patches that remove these credentials and implement robust authentication mechanisms. Network segmentation is critical: robots should be isolated on dedicated networks with strict access controls to prevent unauthorized WiFi connections. Enforce strong SSH authentication policies, preferably using key-based authentication with strict key management and disable password-based logins. Implement additional ROS 2 security features such as DDS Security plugins to enforce authentication and encryption. Regularly audit robot firmware and software for embedded secrets and vulnerabilities. Monitor network traffic for anomalous connections to the robot’s WiFi or SSH ports. Finally, develop incident response plans specific to robotic systems to quickly contain and remediate any compromise.