CVE-2025-54941 is an OS command injection vulnerability classified under CWE-78, found in Apache Airflow version 3.0.0. The vulnerability exists in the example DAG named `example_dag_decorator`, which contains a non-validated parameter that allows a user interacting with the Airflow UI to redirect the DAG execution to a malicious server. This redirection can lead to arbitrary code execution on the Airflow worker nodes, compromising the system's integrity. The root cause is improper neutralization of special elements in OS commands, enabling injection attacks. However, exploitation is conditional: it requires that example DAGs are enabled in production (which is not the default setting) or that the vulnerable example DAG code is copied and used to build a similar DAG. The vulnerability has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 4.6, indicating medium severity, with attack vector being network, low attack complexity, requiring privileges (PR:L) and user interaction (UI:R). The impact affects confidentiality and integrity but not availability. No public exploits have been reported yet. The Apache Software Foundation has addressed this vulnerability in Airflow version 3.0.5, and users are advised to review and apply the relevant patches or upgrade accordingly.

For European organizations using Apache Airflow 3.0.0, especially those enabling example DAGs in production or customizing DAGs based on the vulnerable example, this vulnerability poses a risk of unauthorized code execution on worker nodes. This can lead to data breaches, unauthorized access to sensitive workflows, and potential lateral movement within the network. The impact on confidentiality and integrity could compromise critical business processes automated via Airflow, including data pipelines and analytics workflows. However, since exploitation requires user interaction and some level of privilege, the risk is somewhat mitigated. Organizations in sectors with high reliance on data orchestration and automation, such as finance, healthcare, and manufacturing, may face operational disruptions or compliance violations if exploited. The absence of known exploits in the wild reduces immediate threat but does not eliminate future risk, especially if attackers develop proof-of-concept exploits.

European organizations should first verify if example DAGs are enabled in their Airflow production environments and disable them if not required. For those using or customizing the `example_dag_decorator`, it is critical to review the DAG code for unvalidated parameters and apply the fixes introduced in Apache Airflow 3.0.5. Upgrading to Airflow 3.0.5 or later is strongly recommended to ensure the vulnerability is patched. Implement strict access controls on the Airflow UI to limit user privileges, reducing the risk of exploitation. Additionally, monitor Airflow worker nodes for unusual command executions or network connections to unknown servers. Employ network segmentation to isolate Airflow workers from sensitive systems. Regularly audit DAG code for security best practices, including input validation and sanitization. Finally, maintain an incident response plan tailored to Airflow environments to quickly address any suspicious activity.