CVE-2026-25085CampaignPublished 6 Nov 2026

A Dish Served Lukewarm: The Refrigerator Botnet

Source AlienVault OTX General

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Authoritative record:CVE-2026-25085· High 8.6

Not known to be exploited · CVSS 8.6 High.

Data as of 6 Nov 2026, 11:23 UTC

CVSS 3.1 base score

8.6High

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 0.7% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 55% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:L

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality: High
Integrity: Low
Availability: Low

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed 'remotely exploitable' and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component.
Privileges Required: None: The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files to carry out an attack.
User Interaction: None: The vulnerable system can be exploited without any interaction from any user.
Scope: Unchanged: An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same security authority. In this case, the vulnerable component and the impacted component are either the same, or both are managed by the same security authority.
Confidentiality: High: There is total loss of confidentiality, resulting in all resources within the impacted component being divulged to the attacker. Alternatively, access to only some restricted information is obtained, but the disclosed information presents a direct, serious impact.
Integrity: Low: Modification of data is possible, but the attacker does not have control over the consequence of a modification, or the amount of modification is limited. The data modification does not have a direct, serious impact on the impacted component.
Availability: Low: Performance is reduced or there are interruptions in resource availability. Even if repeated exploitation of the vulnerability is possible, the attacker does not have the ability to completely deny service to legitimate users. The resources in the impacted component are either partially available all of the time, or fully available only some of the time, but overall there is no direct, serious consequence to the impacted component.

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v3.1 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 27 Feb 2026
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponized: no evidence on record.
No public exploit code indexed in Metasploit or Exploit-DB
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 6 Nov 2026.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponized: A Metasploit exploit module or Exploit-DB entry exists (Metasploit scanner modules do not count), or CISA SSVC or the CVSS exploit maturity reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

Affected software

Product	Affected	Fixed in
CopelandCopeland XWEB 300D PRO	Affected <=1.12.1	Fixed in–
CopelandCopeland XWEB 500D PRO	Affected <=1.12.1	Fixed in–
CopelandCopeland XWEB 500B PRO	Affected <=1.12.1	Fixed in–

Description

Exposed Dixell/Copeland XWEB PRO refrigeration controllers with unpatched vulnerabilities, notably CVE-2026-25085, are being exploited as part of an SMTP botnet. These industrial control devices, commonly used in supermarkets and cold storage, are abused as tunnel gateways, residential proxy exits, and spam senders. Analysis shows coordinated outbound SMTP traffic targeting overlapping mail lists, indicating organized malicious use. The vulnerable devices lack security monitoring, enabling prolonged exploitation without detection.

Impact

The exploitation of unpatched refrigeration controllers enables attackers to leverage industrial control systems as part of a spam and proxy botnet infrastructure. This abuse can degrade the reputation of affected networks, facilitate spam campaigns, and provide proxy services for further malicious activity. The lack of security monitoring on these devices increases the risk of prolonged undetected abuse, potentially impacting the operational integrity of refrigeration systems and associated facilities.

Defensive guidance

Organizations using Dixell/Copeland XWEB PRO refrigeration controllers should immediately assess exposure of these devices to the internet and implement network segmentation or access controls to restrict unauthorized access. Monitoring outbound SMTP traffic from these devices is recommended to detect abuse. Consult vendor advisories for updates on patches or official fixes for CVE-2026-25085 and related vulnerabilities. Until patches are available, reducing exposure and enhancing monitoring are critical.

Summary

The STRIKE Team identified a suspected SMTP botnet involving nine IP addresses, three confirmed as Dixell/Copeland XWEB PRO refrigeration controllers exposed on the internet. These devices have unpatched vulnerabilities, including CVE-2026-25085, and are repurposed by attackers as infrastructure for tunneling, proxying, and sending spam. The botnet exhibits coordinated outbound SMTP traffic with significant overlap in targeted mail recipients, suggesting organized operations. The refrigeration controllers run vulnerable firmware and lack security monitoring, making them ideal for sustained malicious use.

Indicators of compromise

IP addresses 6

84.1.34.242
78.21.151.21
90.0.156.128
160.19.119.226
168.195.122.22
197.188.223.161

CVEs 3

CVE-2026-25085
CVE-2026-109618
CVE-2026-109619

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Affected software

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 6 Nov 2026, 11:05 UTC

MITRE ATT&CK techniques20 from threat tags

Technical details

Indicators of compromise

IP addresses 6

CVEs 3

Community reviews

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